Gender
Refers to the socially determined ideas and practices of what it is to be
female or male.
Gender
Mainstreaming is the integration of the
gender perspective into every stage of policy processes – design,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation – with a view to promoting equality
between women and men. It assess how policies impact
on the life and position of both women and men – and taking responsibility to
re-address imbalances
IMPORTANCE OF
GENDER MAINSTREAMING
Recognition
that development policies impact female and male differently hence the need to
ensure that the needs of both are taken on board during policy development,
implementation- M and E
The need
of collective process of articulating a
shared vision of sustainable human development and translating it into reality
(through policy, programmers and budgets) hence the need for the effective
participation of both women and men.
Recognition
of the need for a combined strategy to address women empowerment issues
including selected focus of channeling assistance to women, as a target group,
to a more mainstreaming approach of promoting gender equality as a development
goal.
Women
in development (WID), Women and Development (WAD) and Gender and Development
GAD were among the theoretical approach of eradicating poverty and low social
economic status in gender mainstreaming and integration.
WID
WID (Women in Development) is an approach calls for
greater attention to women in development policy and practice, and emphasizes
the need to integrate them into the development process
WID is an approach to development projects
that emerged in the 1970s, calling for treatment of women’s issues in
development projects. WID is associated with wide range of activities
concerning women and development domain which donor agencies government and
NGOs have become involved since the 1970s, the 1975 conference of the
International women’s at Mexico City and the United Nations Decade for women
(1976 to 1985) gave expression to the mayor pre occupation of women around the
world.
Ester Boserup published Woman's Role in
Economic Development in 1970, and with it provided much of the basis for modern
WID scholarship.
The importance of her work derives from
highlighting that development was far from a gender-neutral process: 'with
modernization of agriculture and with migration to the towns, a new sex pattern
of productive work must emerge, for better or for worse'. Boserup did not say
that development was uniformly bad for women: whether this danger is more or
less grave, depends upon the widely varying customs and other preconditions in
different parts of the underdeveloped world'. Indeed better data than she had
available to her in 1970 depicted just such a complex picture; but the need to
look closely at the gendered impact of socio- economic change was a vital point
well made.
ORIGINAL
OF WID
According to Miller, C WID originated as a
result of three feminist movement or waves concerning feminine conditions. The
first two were due to feminist waves, the first waves was known as women
suffrage movement originated in North America back in rate the 19th
century when women fought for the equal right to vote and participate in
politics. The second wave of feminism sought to deal with the remaining social
and cultural inequalities women were faced with everyday affairs like social
violence, reproductive rights, sexual discrimination and grass ceiling.
The women's economic agenda evolved from a
WID (Women in Development) approach to GAD (Gender and Development) to
mainstreaming gender in all policies and programs to an emphasis on empowerment
and Human Rights. The focus of analysis expanded to include not only local and
national issues but also global systemic issues.
The foundations for WID laid by Boserup and
others were built upon by the UN during the 1970s. In 1975, the World
Conference of the International Women's Year took place in Mexico,
emphasizing three themes in its Declaration: Equality, Development and Peace.
One hundred and thirty-three governments
were represented, as well as the major multinational agencies,
intergovernmental organizations and organizations of national liberation.
GAD
GAD focus primarily on gender division of
labor and gender as a relation of power embedded in institutions. Consequently,
two major frameworks ‘Gender roles’ and ‘social relations analysis’ are used in
this approach. Unlike WID, the GAD approach is not concerned specifically with
women, but with the way in which a society assigns roles, responsibilities and
expectations to both women and men. GAD applies gender analysis to uncover
the ways in which men and women work together, presenting results in neutral
terms of economics and efficiency. In an attempt to create
gender equality, (denoting women having same opportunities as men, including
ability to participate in the public sphere).
ORIGINS
OF GAD
The origin of GAD can be traced back in the
1980 by socialist feminism it save as a transitioning in the way in which
feminist have understood development. It served as a comprehensive over view of
the social economic and political realities of development. Its origin relate
back to development alternatives with women for a new era (DAWN) network when
it was first initiated in India.
The GAD approach is not just focused on the
biological inequalities among sex’s men and women however on how social role,
reproductive role and economic role are linked to gender inequalities of
masculinity and feminity.
ORIGINS
OF WAD
The origin of WAD approach can be traced
back in 1975 in Mexico City
as it sort to discuss women issues from a neo-Marxist and dependence theory
perspective. It is focus was to explain their relationship between women and
the process of capitalist development in terms of material condition that
contributes to their exploitation. WAD is often mis interpreted as WID however
what sets it apart in that WAD focuses specifically on the relation between
patriarchy and capitalism. The WAD perspective status that women have always
participated and contributed towards economic development, regardless of the
public and private spheres
REFERENCES
Moser, C. (1995). Gender planning and development: theory, practice and training
(Reprint. Ed.). London
[u.a.]: Routledge
Carolyn Moser, (1989). Gender planning in the Third World:
meeting practical and strategic gender needs', in World Development,
Vol.17, No. 11, pp.1799-1825
Sen,
G. & Grown, C. (1987). Development,
Crises, and Alternative Visions: Third World
Women's Perspectives. New York,
Monthly Review Press
Boserup, E. (1970). Woman's Role in Economic Development, New York,
St Martin’s Press
World
Plan of Action for the Implementation of the Objectives of the International
Women's Year, in the
Yearbook of the United Nations, New York, United Nations, 197S, Vol.29
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