QUESTION.
Environmental education refers to an integrated process which deals
with man interrelationship with or her natural and man made surrounding,
include the relation of population growth, pollution ,resource allocation and
depletion, conservation technology and urban and rural planning to the total
life of human”.
a) explain the interrelationship between natural resources utilization
and ;
- population growth
- resource allocation
- urban and rural planning.
b)By examining Tanzania situation which factor from
(a) above rank first in causing environment degradation. Elaborate the current
strategies used to fix the problem caused by the mentioned factor
Environmental
education is the process that creates awareness and understanding of the
relationship between human their environments-natural, man made, cultural and
technological. Environmental education is concerned with knowledge, value and
altitude and as its aims responsible environmental behavior (NEEAC, 1996).
A resource is a
natural occurring, exploitable material that society perceives to be useful to
its economic and material well being. A natural resource is physical occurring
resource. Natural resource can be renewable or non renewable resource.
Renewable natural resources are like ground water, soil plants and animals,
while non renewable resources are like crude oil, natural gas and coal (Getis,
2008).
Environmental
education has the interrelationship with man, including the population growth,
pollution, resource allocation and depletion, conservation technology and urban
and rural planning. The following is explanation of how natural resource relate
with population growth, resource allocation, urban and rural planning;
Population growth this cancerous growth of the
human population clouds the future on the planet earth and is underlying cause
of our resources environmental crisis. As the in population means an increase
in the pollution of air, water, and land .It means an accelerated depletion of
natural resources which are already in short. Supply are dedicating in quality.
It means massive starvation as in Africa today, will spread to other parts of
the world, it means that greater numbers of people living in over crowned
conditions will suffer from increasing emotional stress and will make increasing
demands on wildness and recreation areas in order to get away from all. Drug abuse, mental
illness, crime and suicide will be more common .Each surge in population will
bring a corresponding decline in our overall standard of living.(Oliver and Daniel
1990)
Also, population
growth can led the excessive resource consumption and depletion the worlds
industrialized nations are consuming non renewable resource coal, oil, gas, copper zinc at an
accelerating pace: The United States ranks first in per capital consumption ,
although our nation has only 5 percent of the global population, It consume 30
percent of worlds resources(Oliver and Daniel 1990)
Pollution like
other industrialization/ industrized nations, we have granted our environment
with an enormous variety and volume of contaminant, we have polluted lakes,
streams, oceans and ground water with sewage, industrial wastes, radioactive
materials, heat, detergents, fertilizers, pesticides and plastics. Millions of
tones suffer dioxide and carbon dioxide are spread into the air from the
combustion of fuel. (Oliver and Daniel 1990)
Resource allocation is the process of
determining the best way to use available assert or resource in a composition
of a given project, companies to allocate resources in a manner that to
minimize costs, while maximizing profits, typically by using strategic policies
and procedures that move the business toward the achievement of its goal, or is
the process of dividing up and distributing satisfy unlimited wants and needs.
Land as natural
resources relate with rural and urban planning. A land use plan indicating the location
and the amount of land to be used for residential, commercial, industrial,
transportation and public purposes like a planning for circulation facilities,
for public utilities, for community facilities use plan proposes a long range
future urban and rural a pattern for retail, office, industrial, residential
and open spaces, and public land use and circulation system. During rural and
urban planning there will land planning classification were different use of
land will be defined. (Adler 1994).
Water as a
natural resources relate with urban and rural planning process people who
dealing with planning in different areas of water where there should be spaces
for water supply systems like water pipes, water tanks also area for wastes
disposal this wastes may become harmful to the water sources.
The
following are factors of population growth that led to environmental
degradation in Tanzania;
The
rising population has triggered the threat of human survival through different
direct and indirect linkages. The increasing pressure of population directly
implies the depletion in the natural resources and deforestation. The depletion
in the natural resources is further linked to the adverse impact on climate and
thus making the impact cyclic in nature. The increase in the population had
added to the challenges people face in terms of poverty, environmental
degradation and climate change (NHS 2007).
Global environmental and climate change is
largely due to depletion of ozone layer, which is caused by the Green House
Gases (GHG). The greenhouse gases are
released due to increase in human activities like changes in the agriculture
and land-use, increased use of fossil fuel and use of biomass. An increase in
greenhouse gases leads to increased warming of the atmosphere and the Earth’s
surface. For the developing countries like Tanzania, the major challenge lies
in balancing the growth requirement with the environmental sustainability. The
industrial and infrastructure development correspondingly triggers the rise in
energy needs and thus, creating a challenge in terms of the optimum trade off
between the two. The growth in the population further adds to the complexity of
the problem, as maintaining the ‘status quo’ also contribute significantly to
the adverse impacts on the environment because of the increasing resource
requirements for increased population ( NHS 2007).
The deforestation is another adverse impact
of the population growth. The heavy reliance of the large percentage of the
population on the firewood and charcoal can be considered as a major
contributor behind this. The rise in timber industry also adds to the problem.
During last 20 years, the total forest area has been reduced from 414,950 Sq km
in 1990 to 334,280 Sq km in 2010 (Figure 10).
About 20% decrease in the total forest area in just 20 years is an
alarming situation. As it can be seen that the problem is mainly due to the
energy use pattern, there appeared (NHS 2007).
The current
strategies used by Tanzania
to fix the factor above;
The National Strategy
of Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP), which is also known as MKUKUTA in Kiswahili,
focuses on growth and reduction of poverty in order to have sustainable
reasonable growth. The NSGRP is in line with the Vision 2025 and the Millennium
Development Goals. The
successful implementation of NSGRP can help in reducing the negative impacts of
environment on people’s livelihood, land degradation, loss of biodiversity, and
provision of reliable and affordable energy to consumers. Some of the important
policy goals, directly related to sustainable development are: Promoting
Sustainable and broad-based Growth ,Provision of Reliable and affordable energy
to consumers ,access to clean, affordable, clean and safe water, sanitation,
decent shelter and safe and sustainable environment and thereby, reduced
vulnerability from the environmental risk (URT, 2005)
Tanzania has developed National Environmental Policy (NEP) to
address the environmental sustainability issues in an integrated manner (URT,
1997a, p.3). The policy highlights major environmental problems in Tanzania
including land degradation, lack of accessible good quality water,
environmental pollution, loss of wildlife habitats and biodiversity,
deterioration of aquatic systems and deforestation. The policy focuses on the following
objectives (URT, 1997a, p. 9); environment or risking health or safety, to
prevent and control degradation of land, water, vegetation, and air which constitute
our life support systems, to ensure sustainability, security and equitable use
of resources for meeting the basic needs of the present and future generations
without degrading the conserve and enhance our natural and man-made heritage,
including the biological diversity of the unique ecosystems of Tanzania, to
improve the condition and productivity of degraded areas including rural and
urban settlements in order that all Tanzanians may live in safe, healthful, productive
and aesthetically pleasing surroundings, to raise public awareness and
understanding of the essential linkages between environment and development, promotion
of sustainable renewable energy resources, assessment and control to promote
international cooperation on the environment agenda, ( URT 1997 a,p.9).
Generally
environmental education is very potential in daily life of human being since
environment is used in daily survival. Through environmental education, people can be aware on how to use resource
while controlling the environment crisis.
REFERENCES
Getis, J. (2008), Introduction to Geography (11th
Edition). McGraw-Hill, Inc, New York.
WEBSITE
Adler et al, (1994). Planning the Oregon Way:
A Twenty Year Evaluation Corvallis,
URT 1997, National environmental Policy,
The United Republic of Tanzania. Retrieved from http;// www.tzonline. Org.
URT 1997, The National Land Policy, The United Republic of Tanzania.
Accessed on 23/10/2012 from http;// www.tzonline.org.
URT 1997, The Agricultural and Livestock Policy, The United Republic of Tanzania.
Accessed on 24/10/2012 from http;// www.tanzania.go.tz.
URT (2005), National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty, the United Republic of Tanzania. Accessed on 23/10/2012 from
http://www.povertymonitoring.go.
NHS (2007), Tanzania National Household
Survey 2007, National Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of State President’s
Office Planning and Privatisation. Accessed on 25/10/2012 from http://nbs.go.tz
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